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The area cultivated with wheat has been increasing in the savannahs of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Sitobion avenae is the most abundant wheat aphid species in Brazilian savannah in Minas Gerais. The hectoliter weight varied between regions and cultivars of wheat.
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Silicon application did not reduce aphid populations in wheat plants in the field. Insect population is affected by weather conditions. The depth of the indentation on the cushion is synonymous with the behaviour of the output voltage of the transformer.Insect population dynamics vary between regions, depending on environmental conditions. If the same amount of pressure is applied to a very hard and a soft pad, the hard pad is depressed significantly less than the soft pad.
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The transformer is not short-circuit proof.Īs an aid to remembering the behaviour of the transformer's output voltage, a very hard and a soft cushion can be used. Voltage stiff: Under load, the output voltage of the transformer hardly decreases. The transformer is short-circuit proof (example: welding transformer). Voltage soft: When loaded, the output voltage of the transformer decreases. The short-circuit voltage “V sc” and thus also the relative short-circuit voltage “u sc” are a measure of the internal resistance of the transformer. Equations 1 and 2 show that the maximum short-circuit current increases with decreasing "uk" (voltage-stiff) and the maximum short-circuit current decreases with increasing "u sc" (voltage-soft). When transformers are used, they are often referred to as "voltage-stiff" or "voltage-soft" transformers with regard to the behaviour of the secondary voltage during load changes. When using equation 1 and equation 2, it should be noted that "u sc" must be entered as a percentage in the equations for the relative short-circuit voltage. The following equations 1 and 2 show that the estimation can be done for the primary as well as for the secondary side. The estimation is therefore made to the "safe side". The determined current value "I k_max" is in practice somewhat higher than the real short-circuit current "I k_max_real" which actually occurs. The following formulas are used to estimate the maximum short-circuit current " Ik_max" for three-phase medium-voltage transformers. On the other hand, a typical application is the plausibility check of the parameters of the high current stage of a transformer protection relay during the commissioning or repeat protection test, for example with our relay test system ARTES. It must also be taken into account that typical protection current transformers used in medium voltage can transmit currents up to 40 times higher than the rated current of the transformer in the event of a short circuit. On the one hand, to be able to estimate the current carrying capacity of input circuits, such as in the KoCoS fault recorder system SHERLOG.
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In practice, the value of the maximum short-circuit current "I sc_max" of a transformer is often needed. Mantenimiento y pruebas a interruptores.Instalación y puesta en marcha de equipo secundario.Servicios y pruebas secundarias y a relevadores de protección.Mediciones de perfiles en obleas de silicio.